Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis Essay

Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis is a tragic tale of Gregor Samsa, a travelling salesman, who turns into a gigantic vermin one morning. Gregor’s fate is blamed on his family’s over-dependence to him and Gregor’s inability to break free from his imprisoning responsibility. Gregor assumes the responsibility of providing for the family. Even before his metamorphosis, Gregor’s relationship with his family slowly deteriorates as he realizes he only exists for his them. He also hates his job as he laments,†O, God, what a demanding job I’ve chosen!†¦ The hell with it all†(Kafka, F. , 2004, p. 2). He continues to complain about travelling, train connections, bad food and superficial human relationships. But no matter how much discomfort he gets from his job, he cannot quit for the sake of his family. Worse, his father’s debt makes him stuck to his job for a very long time. Clearly, Gregor’s family causes him to transform into a vermin. Worse, after the metamorphosis, all his capabilities to provide ceases and his family see him as useless. The very people whom he cares for loathe him: his mother faints at the sight of him, his sister rejects him and his father bombards him with apples which cause an infection to his back. Finally, they plot to get rid of Gregor and start a new life On the other hand, Gregor himself is partly responsible for his fate. He loathes the bad situation that he is in as he has cursing thoughts at the beginning of the story. He wants to break free; but he is not able to do that because he thinks of the welfare of his family. He submits, albeit unwillingly, to his role. In fact, when he discovers his transformation that morning, he worries more about his family and how to get to work than his disgusting appearance: â€Å"†¦ In any case, right now I have to get up. My train leaves at five o’clock† (Kafka, p. 2). The metamorphosis symbolizes Gregor’s empty and insignificant life, his personal alienation from his family, as well as from the outside world, and the effects of his numbing job. Work Cited: Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. Kessinger Publication (2004).

What Needs to be Done About Best Term Paper Writer

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Coming Together - 855 Words

The Louisiana Purchase is arguably the greatest real estate deal in history. It more than doubled the size of the United States. We gained approximately 530 million acres of land for 15 million dollars; about four cents an acre. Before the purchase, the French had control over the land west of the Mississippi River. Therefore, by gaining this land, America also gained control of the Mississippi River and correspondingly, access to the Gulf of Mexico and the port of New Orleans. Because of The Louisiana Purchase, Americans had the right to trade profitable products at the port of New Orleans and the country became more independent. Also, the purchase provided America with the opportunity for westward expansion, which would result in the†¦show more content†¦It declared an armistice, or end to the fighting. Although the treaty did not address the issues of impressment or neutral shipping rights, Americans were eager for peace and welcomed the treaty. Other events that contribu ted to independence and nationalism were the decisions of John Marshall in the Supreme Court. His cases were all attempts expand the power of the federal government. In one of his most famous cases, Marbury VS Madison in 1803, The Supreme Court declared that the law on which Marbury based his claim was unconstitutional, and therefore the court refused to order Madison to give Marbury his money. This case showed the use of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which ensured that Congress exercises only those powers granted to them by the Constitution. Because of this act, the rights of the people are protected by the courts. In another case of his, Dartmouth College VS Woodward in 1816, the New Hampshire legislature attempted to change Dartmouth College - a privately funded institution - into a state university. The Supreme Court decided that the establishment of the college predated the state so it had no power to make it a public institution. The decision settled the nature of public versus p rivate charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation and the free American enterprise system. Lastly, there was the Gibbons VS Ogden case, in which Ogden took Gibbons to court in order to get him to stop driving hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Henry Ford s Coming Together 782 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is progress, working together is success†, Henry Ford once said. These wise words spoken by Henry Ford inadvertently relate to how a family works together to adapt to life changes. There are countless obstacles and hardships that people encounter as they journey through life. Having strong, stable, and supportive relationships allow people to be resilient to the hardships. A family subsystem provides support to the changes that occur throughout lifeRead MoreGlobalization Is The Coming Together Of All Cultures From The World And The Sharing Of Knowledge3010 Words   |  13 PagesGlobalization is the com ing together of all cultures from all over the world and the sharing of knowledge and resources. This sounds like a good thing, and that everyone should benefit from it, but that it not always the case. For as many positive connotations globalization has, it also has just as many, if not more, negative connotations. Better put, globalization â€Å"includes increased human interconnectedness facilitated by new information technologies and huge volumes of trade, capital, peopleRead MoreCoca Cola s Coming Together Commercial And Gap s Print Ad881 Words   |  4 PagesCoca-Cola’s Coming Together commercial and Gap’s print ad both have a message of change that they want to promote. They are both similar in that they want to inform the audience of how buying products from their brands can help them contribute to a certain cause. These ads inform consumers of the steps their companies are taking to better society’s health. Coca-Cola’s video wants to inform their American consumers of the fact that for over 125 years, they’ve been bringing people together with theirRead MoreI Am A New Jersey Girl952 Words   |  4 Pageseffected as well as separation from my father and most of all trying to understand and out the pieces together as a child .Growing up was developmental for me now as an adult I understand things from both side. Growing up a Jersey girl is what made me. Once my parents separated, my mother, sister, little brother and I left my grandmother’s house to stay with different relatives until my mother got it together. But our first stop was act my older sister’s house. It was different waken up somewhere differentRead More Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming Essay521 Words   |  3 Pages Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Second Coming nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; By William Butler Yeats nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Turning and turning in the widening gyre nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The falcon cannot hear the falconer, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Mere anarchy is loosened uponRead MoreMy Very Good Friend From High School, Maeleigh, And Her Recent Girlfriend930 Words   |  4 PagesI interviewed my very good friend from high school, Maeleigh, and her recent girlfriend, Anna. Maeleigh and Anna have completely different â€Å"coming out† stories at this point in their lives. Growing up with Maeleigh, I was able to see how her life was affected by being gay. I know more about her lifestyle and story than most would and it was difficult for her to figure herself out. Mae was very confused and distraught as she got older and she started to realize she was not the so called â€Å"normal† littleRead MoreAnalysis Of Alison Bechdels Fun Home1350 Words   |  6 Pagesher story in order to show how these objects play a much deeper role between not only comprehending her sexuality, but her understanding of her choppy relationship with her father. The end result is a series of connections that bring the two closer together than they ever were. Alison begins to question her sexuality in the third chapter of the novel. She discusses how her homosexuality was a â€Å"theoretical and untested hypothesis†(Bechdel 58) hinting at her confusion towards what being a lesbian isRead More Essay on themes in Things Fall Apart and Second Coming861 Words   |  4 Pages Similar Themes in Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming nbsp; nbsp; The novel Things Fall Apart examines African culture before the colonial infiltration. Achebes novel forces us to examine the customs and traditions that make up an informal culture. At times we may find some their practices appalling, but Achebe makes us realize that the traditions and customs are what essentially hold the Ibo together. Achebe wrote Things Fall Apart with the intention of changing the common viewRead MoreClassic Coming of Age Stories in A White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett and The Man Who Was Almost A Man by Richard Wright935 Words   |  4 PagesReading coming of age stories are always interesting and at times nastolgic. Coming of age stories typically include a young protagonist forced to make a grown decision which is a transition to their first move into adulthood. In a sense, these stories show the protagonist shifting from innocence to gaining experiences. The two coming of age stories that we read in class were â€Å"A White Heron† by Sarah Orne Jewett and â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost A Man† by Richard Wright. Both being coming of age storiesRead MoreThe Sun - Original Writing1000 Words   |  4 Pagescolor as the sky when the sunlight shine. Each day, as the cloud leave, the sun is shining with a little wind whispering, she would sing a song, a marvelous song she wrote. In front of the beautiful dazzling orange sunlight, pressing her rough palms together, tightly holding her both wrinkled hands up, she would peacefully pray to a luminous sun. One morning, the old thin women awoke; she slightly lifted her lips up and smiled. Pressing her palm against the newspapers on the floor that she use to sleep

The New England And Chesapeake Colonies - 1490 Words

The people of the New England and Chesapeake colonies, although came from the same people, turned into very different cultures. For example, in New England, Puritanism was favored while in the Chesapeake region Christianity was practiced. Often times, religion would dictate a certain peoples way of life. Although both religions were strict, both had different ideas. Also, there were disagreements that occurred between the people within a colony. Many other ways of life were established in each of these areas independent of each other. John Winthrop speaks of how people should devote themselves to God and disregard all that interferes with that endeavor in A Model of Christian Charity. This was most likely written for the people in the Massachusetts Bay Colony because that area was settled primarily by Puritans. He suggests that the only way in which this is possible is to join into a brotherhood of sorts. This shows his Puritanism and that of others because Puritans were very determi ned people in becoming closer to God. Puritans did not even allow art, dancing, or music to be in churches. This is so that no distractions can be in place between the worshipper and God. Many people traveled to the colonies to escape the Church of England and join the Puritans. A ship’s list of emigrants bound for New England in 1635 is evidence of this. Those aboard the ship were traveling to New England, which is where the Puritans settled. Most likely, the emigrants would not move out ofShow MoreRelatedThe New England And Chesapeake Colonies1471 Words   |  6 Pageswas the formation of the thirteen colonies along the North American east coast. These colonies are generally divided into New England, Middle and South or the Chesapeake regions. Most of these colonies were settled by the British, yet they developed differently as the years went by. Some developed into more egalitarian colonies and some not. The greatest differences could be seen in the New England and Chesap eake regions. Even though the New England and Chesapeake regions were settled originally byRead MoreThe New England And The Chesapeake Colonies Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesleading into the 17th century. England was very forceful in pushing out multiple groups of people to the eastern coast of what is now known as North America. At that time there were only two prominent regions in North America, they were known then as the New England and the Chesapeake colonies. These two colonies would eventually band together to stand as one nation, but that was toward the end of the 17th century. The beginning tells a completely different story, both colonies had very different beliefsRead MoreThe New England And Chesapeake Colonies1290 Words   |  6 Pagesfurther exploration of this new world opened to many countries in Europe including England, Spain, and France. While France conquered present day Canada and Spain dominated both Central and South America, English mostly settled in the ea st coast of present day United States. During the seventeenth century, a large influx of immigrants came to the New World from England for many different reasons. Due to differences in motive and geography, the New England and Chesapeake colonies developed unique societiesRead MoreThe Chesapeake Colonies and New England Colonies Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesSpain, Portugal, Holland, and England, all competed for colonization in unknown territories. Samuel de Champlain colonized along the St. Lawrence River in 1608, Henry Hudson of Holland established Albany in 1609, and Spain established colonies in Mexico and Mesoamerica. In 1607, England established its first colony in North America around the Chesapeake Bay, and nearly a decade later established a second colony in present-day New England. Both New England and the Chesapeake were founded by the BritishRead MoreChesapeake Colonies vs. New England Colonies933 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, two colonies emerged from England in the New World. The two colonies were called the Chesapeake and New England colonies. Even though the two areas were formed and governed by the English, the colonies had similarities as well as differences. Differences in geography, religion, politics, economic, and nationalities, were responsible for molding the colonies. These differences came from one major factor: the very reason the English settlers came to the New World. †¨The Chesapeake colonies were primarilyRead MoreChesapeake And New England Colonies Essay1819 Words   |  8 Pagescity to fall into the extremes of poverty and wealth. The New England community was so strong and so supportive in comparison to that of the Chesapeake Bay, that it is no wonder they developed into two distinctly different cultures before the year 1700. The Chesapeake region developed into a land of plantations and money-driven owners, with the elite wealthy, almost no middle class, and those in poverty creating the population. New England, on the other hand, had developed into a religion and familyRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Chesapeake And New England Colonies1071 Words   |  5 Pagesthe New World, the English also started to establish colonies and settle in the New World. To encourage the colonization of the New World, England offered charters to Joint-Stock Companies and individuals to set up colonies in the New World. Although the Chesapeake and New England settlers both migrated from England, the two regions of the New World developed into distinctly different societies due to different economic reasons, types of people, and political organization. Both of the colonies hadRead MoreEssay Chesapeake Vs. New England Colonies763 Words   |  4 Pagesdiversity being sown in the early days of colonization when the Chesapeake and New England colonies grew into distinctive societies. Even though both regions were primarily English, they had similarities as well as striking differences. The differentiating characteristics among the Chesapeake and New England colonies developed due to geography, religion, and motives for colonial expansion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Virginia, the Chesapeake Bay area, was not interested in long-term colonization inRead MoreDifferences Between New England And Chesapeake Colonies1276 Words   |  6 Pagesfindings of new created much curiosity in Europe to explore and conquer new lands in order to expand their empire. In the early 1600’s a surge of motivation to explore and settle new colonies came over England. The Result of this was the New England and Chesapeake colonies, who were both settled by immigrants from England. Many people decided they needed to escape England due to religious persecution and poverty. Hundreds of families, men, women, and their children, came in search of a New World whereRead MoreA Comparison of the New England and the Chesapeake Bay Colonies947 Words   |  4 Pagesthe New England and Chesapeake Bay Regions During the 1700s, people in the American colonies lived in very distinctive societies. While some colonists led hard lives, others were healthy and prosperous. The two groups who showed these differences were the colonists of the New England and Chesapeake Bay areas. The differentiating characteristics among the Chesapeake and New England colonies developed due to economy, religion, and motives for colonial expansion. The colonists of the New England

A Story from My Memory The Clash Free Essays

Memories†¦ past events that tell the history of a person; this makes him or her unique from other people. Memories, if I think about it, I guess I do not have much of that. It is just the way it is for me. We will write a custom essay sample on A Story from My Memory: The Clash or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is like my memories are easily removed from my mind so that not much of my history is left. However, despite this, there was this one night a long time ago that I would never forget. I believe it was in the year 1992, though my mind tells me that it is not sure whether it really was. Do you know the feeling of knowing the period in your life when an event happened, yet, at the same time, you are not sure of the time details? I think this is a great example for that. Somewhere in my brain, there is sureness that the event happened during my 5th or 6th year of life. The setting was Saudi Arabia, my homeland, and it was before the beginning of the Desert Storm. Just like every other siblings, my sister and I love staying up late. During that night we planned to stay up all night to chit-chat and play. We planned to do the stuff   normal girls enjoy. The night was beautiful and ideal for that. Children would have loved to enjoy that night, of course, without knowing the following events to happen. There were clear skies. As we lay in bed, there was a sudden flash of light coming from the window. It was really bright! The first thing that came into my mind was to know the source of the light. Without further thinking, I went out to see what that was, and there came what seemed to be the source†¦ it was an explosion. I saw a big explosion in the mid-air. My mind went haywire. As young as I was back then, I may say that I was really vulnerable and fragile. For a moment, I could not move and I was shocked at the huge explosion right in front of my eyes. Now that I think of it, I would surely say that it was no laughing matter, and it was completely nothing like what my sister and I had intended to do that night. The explosion that I saw was the second one and I was afraid of the next. I just knew that there was another one coming, and I was right. Ten seconds later, as I stayed to watch what happened next, there was a flying object coming from the same direction! In my mind, I was like saying, â€Å"Oh no! It might hit us!† and then, I saw something that flew from the ground, and it hit that flying object. It exploded! A clash! Voila! Another explosion right before my own eyes! The events were too much to handle. I was so young to see the bad things of the world. My body was pumped with adrenaline as I witnessed the event. I panicked and I was so afraid that all I can think of was to run to my parents’ room. When I reached their room, I saw my father trying to calm my mother. My father was from the military. He gave my mother directions on what to do. He said to her, â€Å"You should take the kids and go with your family out of the city.† Why did he tell her that? Why did we have to leave? My mind was full of questions but at the same time all I can do is follow. Afterwards, my father received a phone call from the military base. My father’s reaction was to wear his military uniform, say goodbye to us and leave. My mind, as young as it was, cannot fully understand the happenings that night. However, as the years passed, I learned that that moment was the beginning of the desert storm. It was also only after a while when I learned about the anti-missile system that was used to protect Saudi Arabia was the same thing that protected the people in our place from the ballistic missile heading near our home. The United States provided antiballistic defense during those times to protect the kingdom during the Gulf War. (ARCENT Saudi Arabia (ARCENT-SA) ) Without the protection, who knows what may have happened. I am very thankful that what I witnessed was a series of mid-air explosions instead of ground ones or else wide-ranged death may be my story here. My youthful mind can be said to be not as innocent as it may be. To me, the event was a mind-opening one. It made me aware of the nature of humans and the things that they do.   As I look at my young self, I may say that I have already witnessed the harshness of man-made evils that can really kill people. The missiles may not have harmed us physically, but emotionally and intellectually, there have been scars from that event. The mere thought of my father leaving for war where life is like always hanging in line is a very devastating idea for me. People can be harmed by the technology that man builds; at the same time, it can also protect them. The event in my life that I told is a part of my history, maybe not only mine, but also of others who have seen it. Now, as I brought my story to life through my writing, it made me more aware of my life. It made me realize that around us, disasters are possible, natural or artificial. These phenomena take lives as they pass and that we must be ready. Our life on earth is just short and we must make every moment of it count. Bibliography ARCENT Saudi Arabia (ARCENT-SA) . (n.d.). Retrieved June 02, 2010, from Global Security.Org: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/arcent-sa.htm How to cite A Story from My Memory: The Clash, Papers

Average Variable Cost Average Fixed Cost †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Average Variable Cost Average Fixed Cost? Answer: Introduction: Based on the case study given to us we examine some issues that Adam and Virginia face when they move over from their regular job to setting up a coffee shop on Sundays. This analysis uses the key concepts of revenue, costs and its types, and lastly the rule to determine expansion when penalty rates dip. We use a variety of costs ranging from fixed, variable, explicit and implicit and sunk cost, and the corresponding average variable cost and average fixed cost. Sunk costs are costs incurred by a firm, but cant be recovered, by definition. These are different from fixed and variable costs as they are not a part of the determination of profit maximising or any other decision making. Sunk costs do not enter any decision making, but they are important as they determine the ease with which a new firm can enter the market. High sunk costs mean more expenditure for the entrant that is irrecoverable. Fixed costs refer to costs that do not vary with output; accordingly they are short run concept. Variable costs vary with output level, and form a crucial part of decision making. As per Tucker (2008) explicit costs refer to payments to nonowners of a firm for their resources, whereas implicit costs refer to opportunity costs of using resources owned by a firm. These also lead to a difference between accounting and economic profits. By logic explicit costs include fixed and variable costs. There is no such distinction of fixed/variable costs for implicit cost. Accounting profits = Total revenues- total explicit costs Economic profits= Total revenues- total explicit costs implicit costs So if any owner of a firm is using his own resources then economic profits will be lower than accounting profits. ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENT We look at arrange of issues here separately. Profits We start with accounting and economic profits first. We segregate all costs under various headings: Fixed costs include the rent paid for coffee machine and sundries (coffee and cups) = 1000+500=1500 Variable costs = wages = 5 workers *10 hours @40 per hour = 2000 Total revenues = 3*4000 cups = 12000 So accounting profits = 12000-2000-15000= 8500 Now we account for implicit costs, which include wages of Adam and Virginia = 400*2 =800 Rent they could have received for the shop premises if they chose not to operate themselves = 1500 Own money they use after withdrawing from bank = 2*200 = 400 Total implicit costs = 800+400+1500 = 2700 So Economic profits = 8500-2700 = 5800 The average cost under this scenario of a penalty @40 per hour will be total explicit cost / 4000= 3500/4000 = $0.875. This average cost concept only includes accounting profits that use explicit costs. NEXT we move to a scenario where penalty is reduced by 50% to 20 per hour. This will affect our variable costs. So we have new calculations below, where accounting profits are now higher at 9500. The economic profits will also change accordingly, as shown below to 6800. The average costs will be total costs / 4000 = 2500/4000 = 0.625 Sunk Costs: As explained these cost are irrecoverable. Before the cut in penalty there are zero sunk costs. This is because all costs incurred are either implicit or explicit. After the cut we have some sunk costs in terms of what both of them used to earn but cant earn now. They were earning $400 each. If penalty rates were @40, they could have gone back and resumed work, making this cost an implicit cost. However as the penalty rate has dipped they no longer have the option of going back and earning 400 each. At best, they can earn @20 per hour, reducing earnings to 200. Thus, implicit cost is now only 200 per person, while sunk costs are also 200 per person. So total sunk costs = @ 200 for each person = 200*2 =400. Elasticity Of Demand: We are told that any number of coffee cups can be sold at $3 each. This makes demand perfectly elastic, as in a perfectly competitive structure. The demand curve for the firm is horizontal at a price of $3. Optionof Expansion Lastly we consider the possibility and rationality of expansion due to lower variable cost. We already know that they are operating at full capacity in a perfectly competitive setting. The lower variable costs lead to higher profits. The decision to expand must be based on MR-MC rule. Assuming they are in equilibrium MR=MC currently. As costs are lowered it cause lower MC, while MR remains at 3. So we have MR MC. This should lead to an expansion as profits can be made by increasing output. They must opt for expansion. Conclusion: Both Adam and Virginia are rational in deciding to set up a coffee shop. This is because the accounting and economic profits are both positive under both sets of penalty rates. This means that after accounting for the opportunity costs of their labour and their own funds, they still end up with a profit. When penalty rates drop they must opt for an expansion as they are likely to make even more profits. References Courseera.org, n.d. MR=MC rule. [Online] Available at: rules-p-mr-mc-the-shutdown-rule" https://www.coursera.org/learn/principles-of-microeconomics/lecture/zKD8R/pricing-and-production-rules-p-mr-mc-the-shutdown-rule [Accessed 2 Sep 2017]. jodiecongirl, n.d. Accounting vs Economic profits. [Online] Available athttps://socratic.org/microeconomics/profit/accounting-versus-economic-profits [Accessed 5 Sep 2017]. Open.lib.umn.edu, n.d. Perfect Comnpetition in the Long run. [Online] Available at: https://open.lib.umn.edu/principleseconomics/chapter/9-3-perfect-competition-in-the-long-run/ [Accessed 5 Sep 2017]. Oregonstate.edu, n.d. Economic profit and Accounting profit. [Online] Available at: https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/econ201/osman/Lec10/tsld018.htm [Accessed 3 Sep 2017]. Pitt.edu, n.d. Cost concepts. [Online] Available athttps://www.pitt.edu/~upjecon/MCG/MICRO/COST/Costs.html [Accessed 2 Sep 2017]. Rittenburg, L. Tregarthen, T., n.d. Principles of Economics V 1.0. [Online] Available athttps://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/22?e=rittenecon-ch02_s03 [Accessed 4 Sep 2017]. Staffwww.fullcoll.edu, n.d. perfect competition. [Online] Available at: https://staffwww.fullcoll.edu/fchan/Micro/4perfect_competition.htm [Accessed 2 August 2017]. Tucker, I., 2008. Survey of Economics. Cengage books.

Introduction to Psychopathology

Introduction Psychological researchers have for a long time made attempts to understand normal and abnormal human behavior. According to Amrend and Stonrned, abnormal psychology can be defined as a branch of psychology that deals with mental disorders, emotions and the causes of abnormal behavior, usually referred to as psychopathology (1995). The study covers the causes and measures of dealing with the condition. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Introduction to Psychopathology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also focuses on that behavior which does not fall within the confines of what can be termed normal behavior limits hence regarded as abnormal. There is no clear cut between normal and abnormal behavior across human beings. The determination of acceptable behavior has been known to vary from one culture to another. This is because of the difference in the way people behave in different societies and cultures. With psychology, in general, dealing with the study of human behavior and behavior change; abnormal psychology is therefore a branch of psychology that investigates people’s maladjusted behavior relative to the socially approved behavior (Masterpasqua, 2009). This field of psychology deals with disorders in behavior on the basis of human behavior resulting from a thought process. This implies, therefore, that behavior disorder results from a disorder in human thoughts. There is no ideal behavior or perfect behavior, but that behavior which is perceived by the greater majority to be the normal behavior (Masterpasqua, 2009). This explains why there is some significant variation from one culture to another as a far as the determination of normal and abnormal behavior is concerned. If a certain behavior is generally acceptable by the majority, then it is regarded as normal. The acceptable ways of conducting oneself in the society are transferred from one generat ion to another through social learning, genetic components, judgment and social interaction in general.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Origins of Abnormal Psychology The origin of abnormal psychology can be traced back to the ancient times. People have been trying to examine the behavior of people against the conventionally accepted normality. People have tried to investigate the causes of such abnormal behavior. Abnormal behavior was initially considered as being caused by spirits, demons and some supernatural forces beyond human control. The causes of abnormal behavior can be categorized into three major factors: supernatural, biological and psychological. During the Stone Age period, any abnormal behavior was considered as punishment from God or gods for that matter. The behavior was believed to be caused by evil spirits which had to be exorcised in order to bring the i ndividual to normalcy. The means and ways in which the spirits were exorcised varied from one community to the other. According to a research by Shieff, Smith and Wadley, the spirits could be exorcised by drilling a hole in the person’s head in order to allow the evil spirits to escape (2007). In some instances, others used to torture the person possessed by the spirits with an aim of compelling the spirits to come out of the victim. Other religious practices could also be done to exorcise the demonic spirits. The practices and beliefs were adhered to until towards the end of 15th century. At the beginning of the 16th century, psychologists and physicians of the time were convinced that abnormal behavior manifestations that were experienced as a result of cognitive disorders were closely linked to the movements of celestial bodies like the moon and stars. The movements were thought to bring with it demons and evil spirits. Greek physicians, on the other hand, thought that abnormal behavior was biological and could be treated just like any other mental disease (Amrend Stonrned, 1995). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Introduction to Psychopathology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the physicians, the brain is responsible for all the behavior changes and when there is a problem in the brain, the individual’s behavior could be affected directly. It was later argued that behavior, to a great extent, was influenced by the social factors in the society. From this perspective, abnormal behavior was seen to be related to the psychological status of a person. It is evident, therefore, that the evolution of abnormal psychology has transcended abstract beliefs of ancient ages to a more modern scientific understanding of the same condition. In the 21st century, physicians can offer therapeutic care for the patients with mental challenges that may manifest throu gh abnormal behavior(Shieff et al., 2007). This has offered a good foundation for the development of abnormal psychology. Models of Psychology There are three approaches or models that can be used in the study of abnormal psychology. The approaches include: biological, psychosocial and socio-cultural models. Biological Model The model is also referred to as the medical model from the fact that the model deals with physiological body functioning as well as the functioning of the brain. The approach views abnormal behavior as a disease which can be treated using medical means. Abnormal behavior is diagnosed and appropriate cure prescribed. The causes of abnormal behavior, according to this model, may be due to; inheritance, disease, body hormonal imbalance, malnutrition and neurochemical disorder (Amrend Stonrned, 1995). Although the model deals with medical approach, there is a social connection with biological mechanism. For example, mood and anxiety are believed to be predispose d by certain genetic makeup in the DNA. The biological model offers a limited explanation of abnormal behavior because it fails to explain the changes in behavior as a result of social influence of the environment. Socio-cultural Model According to this model, behavior is developed as a result of learning and coping in the immediate social environment such as the family, school and community. The culture of a particular community, for example, influences the behavior of the people within that community. The model proposes that abnormal behavior is a product of negative cultural practices. Masterpasqua, a specialist in the field of abnormal psychology, suggests that learning of behavior is influenced by the social group and the cultural pressure that surrounds an individual (2009). The pressure build up over a period of time and causes behavior change. The model gives a clear explanation of how to change behavior by modifying the social environment.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychosocial Model This model explains abnormal behavior from a psychological perspective. According to the proponents of this model, abnormal behavior is caused by unsupportive environment during the development of an individual. The abnormal behavior results when the environment is psychologically unfavorable and may lead to mental illness or disorder. The psychological tension, as argued by Amrend and Stonrned (1995), causes unresolved conflicts in the unconscious mind that may consequently affect the mental functioning and physiological state of the body. Abnormal behavior results from the interference of the normal behavior development process. When there is an unresolved conflict in a certain stage, there is a likelihood that the conflict will be passed on to subsequent stages, leading to the development of an abnormal behavior. Conclusion The paper has discussed the various origins of abnormal psychology and how it has evolved over time into a scientific discipline. It has also analyzed the hypothetical viewpoints and interpretations of biological, psychosocial, and socio-cultural models. These models provide useful perspectives for understanding abnormal psychology. This field has clearly undergone significant transformation to what it is at present. With time, researchers have come up with convincing theories to explain the probable causes of abnormal psychology and how it can be treated. References Amrend, G. N. Stonrned, P. N. (1995). The Diagnosis of Abnormal Psychology. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 42 (2), 180-196 Masterpasqua, F. (2009). Psychology and Epigenetics. General Psychology, 13 (3), 194-201 Shieff, C., Smith, G. T. Wadley, J. P. (2007). Self-Trephination of the Skull with an Electric Power Drill. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 15 (2), 156-158 This research paper on Introduction to Psychopathology was written and submitted by user Bast10n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.